PMN migration from the microcirculation to mucosal tissues is a complex multistep process, and proximal events describing the sequential nature of PMN transendothelial migration have been extensively studied. However, dysregulated trafficking of PMNs across mucosal surfaces is a hallmark of multiple inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (encompassing ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease) ( 1), gastritis ( 2), psoriasis ( 3), cystitis ( 4), as well as bronchitis ( 5) that are characterized by persistent or intermittent bursts of active inflammation. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the first immune responders to infection or tissue injury and play a critical role in clearing invading pathogens and promoting tissue repair and restitution of homeostasis. This report will highlight molecular insights gained from studies on PMN TEpM and provide a rationale for developing tissue targeted strategies directed at reducing pathologic consequences of dysregulated PMN trafficking in the gut. However, innovative animal models have provided new avenues for investigating in vivo mechanisms regulating PMN TEpM. Until fairly recently, in vitro models of PMN transepithelial migration (TEpM) across cultured intestinal epithelial cell lines provided many of the insights into the molecular basis of TEpM. While much is known about how PMNs migrate out of blood vessels, far less is understood about how PMNs traverse epithelial barriers. In the gut, robust PMN accumulation and migration across the intestinal epithelium closely correlates with clinical symptoms in conditions such as ulcerative colitis.
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We recommend that all intermediate riders use the Edge before considering moving to a Chrono for light wind racing or free riding.Neutrophils (PMNs) play a critical role in innate immunity, yet many pathologic conditions are associated with dysregulated infiltration of PMNs into tissues. In gusty or turbulent wind the Edge will be easier to use and handle in both free ride and race situations. We have continued to develop larger Edge sizes as the Chrono is not for everyone or for all conditions. With new a 5m, 6m and 8m added to the already broad line-up of sizes this allows riders to choose exactly what they need in a regatta or for freeride mega boosting on those high wind days. Combined with our Race Control System and Race Flying Lines the Edge is the race winning ticket.įor this season we have developed new sizes expanding on the smaller kite range specially for lighter riders or Foil board racing. The bridles are spliced using high quality Aramid line, which is 50% thinner than our standard bridle line giving the Edge a turbo charged feel. A low-drag pulley-less bridle system is achieved through optimised load distribution into the kite attachment points.
The new Edge is constructed with quality proven Teijin D2 canopy material and Teijin Dacron providing a crisper feel and a stronger kite. Additionally the optimised strut placement allows the wingtip to flex which reduces steering forces and speeds up handling. The new Edge feels and flies much smoother and is more controlled and stable during loaded riding and at high speeds. We have optimised panel layout and strut position resulting in a cleaner profile and canopy throughout angle of attack changes. What this means is we are able to work with parameters specifically designed to shaping flexible wings.
The latest Edge has been completely re-shaped in our new highly advanced custom built CAD software.
For racers this is directly translated into up and downwind performance as well as speed and power. For Freeriders it’s the way the Edge progressively pulls offering amazing power delivery and generous boost when you send it. What we found during this process is the combination of parameters that define the Edge are incredibly well matched to deliver performance across a broad spectrum. The development process of the Edge has been ongoing over the seasons with many prototypes, new ideas, and continuous learning for the design team. High performance freeride & race kite Designers goals
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